So when it is doped, recombination rate will increase from its earlier rate to reduce the hole concentration. Now dope it with a donor of concentration 1016 cm3. Physics notes class 12 pdf r k maliks newton classes. Write the equilibrium constant expression for any reaction equation. The engineering physics notes pdf book starts with the topics covering ionic bond, covalent bond, metallic bond, basic principles, maxwellboltzman, electron in a periodic potential, fermi level in intrinsic and extrinsic semiconductors, electricsusceptibility. The existing competing books by indian authors have too complex technical language which makes them abstractive to indian students who use english as their secondary language. Here you can download the free lecture notes of engineering physics pdf notes materials with multiple file links to download. Law of mass action according to law of mass action the product of majority and minority charge carrier. The physical concept is clearly explained, mostly with a diagram or a graph.
It states that product of concentration of majority and minority carrier is constant at fixed temperature. It is particularly well suited for those who want to do both. The book has multiple benefits from class 12 exam preparation to various entrance exam preparation. But mass action law has to be obeyed in the doped semiconductor too. The book covers all the major subjects of school physics. This was accomplished by the english physicist alan wilson 1939, whose papers on band theory almost singlehandedly made the study of semiconductors, and solidstate physics in general, recognized fields of study. Force on a moving charge in uniform magnetic and electric fields. Devices made from semiconductor materials are the foundation of modern electronics, including ratio, computers.
This is caused by the instantaneous location of a few more electrons on one side of the nucleus than on the other. It drives the semiconductor back to the thermal equilibrium. The law of mass action states that the rate of a reaction is proportional to the product of the concentrations of each reactant. We hope this book will be not only a handy source for information on topics in semiconductor physics but also a handbook for looking up material parameters for a wide range of semiconductors. Law of mass action the np product is constant in te n o p o n i 2 t second equation where does this last equation come from. Typically, the dopant concentration is at least 47 orders of magnitude 107 larger than the intrinsic concentration. Physics of semiconductors and nanostructures download book. The law of mass action also suggests that the ratio of the reactant concentration and. Cbse syllabus for class 12 physics 20192020 pdf physics. This law can be used to explain the behaviour exhibited by solutions in dynamic equilibria. Imagine that the size of the crystal can be varied.
Solid state physics forms an important part of the undergraduate syllabi of physics in most of the universities. The physics of semiconductors an introduction including. The conductivity of a semiconductor material can be varied under an external electric field. The law of mass action describes how the velocity of a reaction depends on the molecular concentrations of the reactants and states that when a chemical reaction reaches equilibrium, the concentrations of the chemicals involved bear a constant relation to each other, which is described by an equilibrium constant. Through solutions to the quantum liouville equation, it is determined that the law of. Imagine a regular crystal lattice composed of identical atoms.
The energy level for the electron in hydrogen is scaled with the ratio of the effective mass to the free electron mass and with the relative dielectric constant. Heat is energy flowing from a high temperature object to a low temperature object. The equation is true for both intrinsic and extrinsic semiconductors and tells 2 important facts about extrinsic semiconductors. Chapter 5 newtons laws of motion solutions from hc verma solutions for class 11 physics part 1. This book is an introduction to the principles of semiconductor physics, linking its scientific aspects with practical applications.
Newtons third law of motion actionreaction forces d. Kolokoltsov generalized mass action law the reaction kinetics mal equations are dc dt x. A semiconductor is a material that has a resistivity value in between that of a conductor and an insulator. Impurity atoms act as either donors or acceptors to the intrinsic semiconduc. An introduction advanced texts in physics karlheinz seeger on. Apply the mass action law to write expressions for equilibrium constants. Straight and toroidal solenoids only equivalent treatment. For a given semiconductor the electron mobility is always higher than hole. Applications illustrated with computergenerated animations. This law is also applicable to semiconductors and, therefore, has several important implications in the fields of electronics and semiconductor physics.
For extrinsic semiconductor the law of mass action states that the product of majority carriers and minority carriers is constant at fixed temperature and is independent of amount of donor and acceptor impurity added. This book will be useful to solidstate scientists, device engineers, and students involved in semiconductor design and technology. Covalently bonded solids are hard, high melting points, and insoluble in all ordinary solids. In addition to blochs formalism, wilson used the ideas of germanborn british physicist rudolf peierls 19071995, who. What is the theory behind mass action law in doped. The reason why your mental image of a semiconductor doesnt really help here, is because its actually impossible to distinguish whether a free.
Writing a book on semiconductor device physics and design is never complete and probably never completely satisfying. The book offers 580 numerated formulas and more than 155 figures. Cbse ncert textbook for class 12 physics 201920 pdf. Impurity atoms are atoms of a different element than the atoms of the intrinsic semiconductor. For nondegenerate semiconductors the law of mass action is represented by the product npncnv exp egkbt. Solid state physics pdf 78p this note covers the following topics. Concepts of physics part 1, numerical problems with their solutions, short answer solutions for chapter 5 newtons laws of motion from the latest edition of hc verma book.
Vectors, tensors, tensor properties, vector and tensor fields, configurations, motion, the lagrangian description of motion, stretch and strain tensors, the polar decomposition, velocity gradients, and rates of deformation, balance of mass, reynolds transport theorem, linear and angular momentum, models of viscous. Pdf mass action and conservation of current researchgate. Pdf the law of mass action does not force a series of chemical reactions to have the same current flow everywhere. This law states the relation between concentrations of minority and majority carriers at a constant temperature. The elements most commonly used in semiconducting devices are silicon and germanium donors, acceptorselectrons, holes. Physics 470 completely occupied by the 4 n valence electrons at temperature of absolute zero is the valence band. The role of the s quantum number will be considered subsequently. Let a bar of silicon have an intrinsic concentration of 1010 cm3. Each part, you will learn the latest content and revised physics concepts. Hc verma solutions for class 11 physics chapter 5 newton. For global equilibrium, the mass action law ne nh ni. In electronics and semiconductor physics, the law of mass action is a relation about the concentrations of free electrons and electron holes under thermal equilibrium. D on physics, i read this book from page to page and worked out the problems.
Why n and p are not additive in law of mass action. Is the principle of mass action law applicable in a pn. Sze contains the plot of intrinsic carrier densities. Introduction to quantum physics, black body radiation, planck. Lecture 2 semiconductor physics i september, 2005 contents. In the third edition several topics are extended and treated in more depth including surfaces, disordered materials, amorphous semiconductors, polarons, thermopower and noise. Physics, technology, and device concepts by ferdinand scholz provides an overview of compound semiconductor materials and their technology. The law of mass action is applied for both intrinsic and extrinsic semiconductors. During doping, impurity atoms are introduced to an intrinsic semiconductor. In a semiconductor the law of mass action states that the product of the electron concentration and the hole concentration is always equal to the square of the intrinsic carrier concentration at a given temperature, i. Effective mass defects in effectivemass theory emt the energy levels of the donor is obtained from bohrs theory for the hydrogen atom. It is addressed to both readers who wish to learn semiconductor physics and those seeking to understand semiconductor devices. Crystal structure, classifying lattices, diffraction and the reciprocal lattice, scattering of a plane wave by a crystal, braggs law, xray diffraction, lattice dynamics, metals, semiconductors. Engineering physics pdf notes enginering physics notes.
The other band consisting of 4 n energy states, called the conduction band, is completely empty at absolute zero. Atomic orbitals although orbitals are defined mathematically over all space, one can visualize a. After presenting a theoretical background, it describes the relevant material preparation technologies for. Physics gre comprehensive notes these set of notes were written while studying to take the physics. Massaction law of semiconductors electrical engineering. Just ask brittney spears, a semiconductor is a material whose electrical conductivity is between that of a conductor and an insulator. Ravindran, phy02e semiconductor physics, 26 december 2012. The text book is written in accordance with the full admission program to high schools on the subject of physics. The principle of detailed balance for the mal kinetics means that k. This is an excellent book on the physics of semiconductors, not on semiconductor devices. The dipoles can be formed as a result of unbalanced distribution of electrons in asymmetrical molecules. All semiconductor physics text books above a very basic level invariably assume that the reader is. It states that, under thermal equilibrium, the product of the free electron concentration and the free hole concentration is equal. In intrinsic semiconductors fermi level is always lies between valence band and conduction band.
So why does an ntype material conducts better than a an intrinsic semiconductor presumably they have same. Savart law and its application to current carrying circular loop. Physics 301 30nov2005 261 semiconductor basics in solids, the electron energy levels are organized into bands. The semiconductor is in internal turmoil, with bonds being broken and reformed continuously. In electronics and semiconductor physics, the law of mass action is a relation about the. Physics is an important subject for class 12 science stream. The physics hypertextbook 19982020 glenn elert author, illustrator, webmaster. The physics of semiconductors requires little or no prior knowledge of solidstate physics and evolved from a highly regarded twosemester course. Newtons second law of motion net force, mass, acceleration c. Free physics books download ebooks online textbooks.
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